RESTORE

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The RESTORE statement restores your cluster's schemas and data from a BACKUP stored on services such as AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, or NFS.

Because CockroachDB is designed with high fault tolerance, restores are designed primarily for disaster recovery, i.e., restarting your cluster if it loses a majority of its nodes. Isolated issues (such as small-scale node outages) do not require any intervention.

You can restore:

• A full cluster
• Databases
• Tables

For details on restoring across versions of CockroachDB, see Restoring Backups Across Versions.

Considerations

• RESTORE cannot restore backups made by newer versions of CockroachDB.
• RESTORE only supports backups taken on a cluster on a specific major version into a cluster that is on the same version or the next major version. Refer to the Restoring Backups Across Versions page for more detail.
• RESTORE is a blocking statement. To run a restore job asynchronously, use the DETACHED option.
• RESTORE no longer requires an Enterprise license, regardless of the options passed to it or to the backup it is restoring.
• Zone configurations present on the destination cluster prior to a restore will be overwritten during a cluster restore with the zone configurations from the backed up cluster. If there were no customized zone configurations on the cluster when the backup was taken, then after the restore the destination cluster will use the zone configuration from the RANGE DEFAULT configuration.
• You cannot restore a backup of a multi-region database into a single-region database.
• When the exclude_data_from_backup parameter is set on a table, the table will not contain row data when restored.

Required privileges

You can grant the RESTORE privilege to a user or role depending on the type of restore required:

The listed privileges do not cascade to objects lower in the schema tree. For example, if you are granted system-level restore privileges, this does not give you the privilege to restore a table. If you need the RESTORE privilege on a database to apply to all newly created tables in that database, use DEFAULT PRIVILEGES. You can add RESTORE to the user or role's default privileges with ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES.

Members of the admin role can run all three types of restore (cluster, database, and table) without the need to grant a specific RESTORE privilege. However, we recommend using the RESTORE privilege model to create users or roles and grant them RESTORE privileges as necessary for stronger access control.

Privileges for managing a restore job

To manage a restore job with PAUSE JOB, RESUME JOB, or CANCEL JOB, users must have at least one of the following:

• Be a member of the admin role.
• The CONTROLJOB role option.

To view a restore job with SHOW JOB, users must have at least one of the following:

• The VIEWJOB privilege, which allows you to view all jobs (including admin-owned jobs).
• Be a member of the admin role.
• The CONTROLJOB role option.

See GRANT for detail on granting privileges to a role or user.

Required privileges using the legacy privilege model

The following details the existing privilege model that CockroachDB supports in v22.2 and earlier. Support for this privilege model will be removed in a future release of CockroachDB:

• Full cluster restores can only be run by members of the ADMIN role. By default, the root user belongs to the admin role.
• For all other restores, the user must have write access (CREATE or INSERT) on all objects affected.

See the Required privileges section for the updated privilege model.

Source privileges

You can grant a user the EXTERNALIOIMPLICITACCESS system-level privilege to interact with external resources that require implicit access.

Either the EXTERNALIOIMPLICITACCESS system-level privilege or the admin role is required for the following scenarios:

• To interact with a cloud storage resource using IMPLICIT authentication.
• Use of a custom endpoint on S3.
• Nodelocal

No special privilege is required for:

• Interacting with an Amazon S3 and Google Cloud Storage resource using SPECIFIED credentials. Azure Storage is always SPECIFIED by default.
• Using Userfile storage.

We recommend using cloud storage. You also need to ensure that the permissions at your storage destination are configured for the operation. See Storage Permissions for a list of the necessary permissions that each bulk operation requires.

Synopsis

Parameters

Options

You can control RESTORE behavior using any of the following in the restore_options_list. To set multiple RESTORE options, use a comma-separated list:

Example: WITH skip_localities_check skip_missing_foreign_keys | N/A | Use to remove the missing foreign key constraints before restoring.

Example: WITH skip_missing_foreign_keys skip_missing_sequences | N/A | Use to ignore sequence dependencies (i.e., the DEFAULT expression that uses the sequence).

Example: WITH skip_missing_sequences skip_missing_sequence_owners | N/A | Must be used when restoring either a table that was previously a sequence owner or a sequence that was previously owned by a table.

Example: WITH skip_missing_sequence_owners skip_missing_udfs | N/A | Must be used when restoring a table with referenced UDF dependencies. Any column's DEFAULT expression using UDFs is dropped.

Example: WITH skip_missing_udfs skip_missing_views | N/A | Use to skip restoring views that cannot be restored because their dependencies are not being restored at the same time.

Example: WITH skip_missing_views verify_backup_table_data | N/A | Run a schema_only restore and have the restore read all user data from external storage, verify checksums, and discard the user data before writing it to disk. You must also include the schema_only option in the RESTORE statement with verify_backup_table_data. For more detail, see Backup Validation.

Backup file URLs

CockroachDB uses the URL provided to construct a secure API call to the service you specify. The URL structure depends on the type of file storage you are using. For more information, see the following:

• Use Cloud Storage

  Note:

  HTTP storage is not supported for BACKUP and RESTORE.

• Use a Local File Server

You can create an external connection to represent an external storage or sink URI. This allows you to specify the external connection's name in statements rather than the provider-specific URI. For detail on using external connections, see the CREATE EXTERNAL CONNECTION page.

Functional details

You can restore:

• A full cluster
• Databases
• Tables

RESTORE will only restore the latest data in an object (table, database, cluster), or the latest data as per an AS OF SYSTEM TIME restore. That is, a restore will not include historical data even if you ran your backup with revision_history. This means that if you issue an AS OF SYSTEM TIME query on a restored object, the query will fail or the response will be incorrect because there is no historical data to query. For example, if you restore a table at 2022-07-13 10:38:00, it is not then possible to read or back up that table at 2022-07-13 10:37:00 or earlier. This is also the case for backups with revision_history that might try to initiate a revision start time earlier than 2022-07-13 10:38:00.

Full cluster

A full cluster restore can only be run on a target cluster with no user-created databases or tables. Restoring a full cluster includes:

• All user tables
• Relevant system tables
• All databases
• All tables (which automatically includes their indexes)
• All views

Also, consider that:

• Temporary tables will be restored to their original database during a full cluster restore.
• The restore will drop the cluster's defaultdb and postgres pre-loaded databases before the restore begins. You can only restore defaultdb and postgres if they are present in the original backup.
• Changefeed jobs will not resume automatically on the new cluster. It is necessary to manually create changefeeds after a full-cluster restore.
• When the cluster is in a mixed-version state during an upgrade, a full cluster restore will fail. To perform a full cluster restore, it is necessary to first finalize the upgrade.

Databases

Restoring a database will create a new database and restore all of its tables and views. The created database will have the name of the database in the backup.

RESTORE DATABASE backup_database_name FROM LATEST in 'your_backup_collection_URI';

To restore a database that already exists in a cluster, use the new_db_name option with RESTORE to provide a new name for the database. See the Rename a database on restore example.

Tables

You can also restore individual tables (which automatically includes their indexes), views, or sequences from a backup. This process uses the data stored in the backup to create entirely new tables, views, and sequences in the target database.

By default, tables, views, and sequences are restored into a target database matching the name of the database from which they were backed up. If the target database does not exist, you must create it. You can choose to change the target database with the into_db option.

The target database must not have tables, views, or sequences with the same name as the the object you're restoring. If any of the restore target's names are being used, you can:

• DROP TABLE, DROP VIEW, or DROP SEQUENCE and then restore them. Note that a sequence cannot be dropped while it is being used in a column's DEFAULT expression, so those expressions must be dropped before the sequence is dropped, and recreated after the sequence is recreated. The setval function can be used to set the value of the sequence to what it was previously.
• Restore the table, view, or sequence into a different database.

When restoring an individual table that references a user-defined type (e.g., ENUM), CockroachDB will first check to see if the type already exists. The restore will attempt the following for each user-defined type within a table backup:

• If there is not an existing type in the cluster with the same name, CockroachDB will create the user-defined type as it exists in the backup.
• If there is an existing type in the cluster with the same name that is compatible with the type in the backup, CockroachDB will map the type in the backup to the type in the cluster.
• If there is an existing type in the cluster with the same name but it is not compatible with the type in the backup, the restore will not succeed and you will be asked to resolve the naming conflict. You can do this by either dropping or renaming the existing user-defined type.

In general, two types are compatible if they are the same kind (e.g., an enum is only compatible with other enums). Additionally, enums are only compatible if they have the same ordered set of elements that have also been created in the same way. For example:

• CREATE TYPE t1 AS ENUM ('yes', 'no') and CREATE TYPE t2 AS ENUM ('yes', 'no') are compatible.
• CREATE TYPE t1 AS ENUM ('yes', 'no') and CREATE TYPE t2 AS ENUM ('no', 'yes') are not compatible.
• CREATE TYPE t1 AS ENUM ('yes', 'no') and CREATE TYPE t2 AS ENUM ('yes'); ALTER TYPE t2 ADD VALUE ('no') are not compatible because they were not created in the same way.

Object dependencies

Dependent objects must be restored at the same time as the objects they depend on. When you back up a table, it will not include any dependent tables, views, or sequences.

For example, if you back up view v that depends on table t, it will only back up v, not t. When you try to restore v, the restore will fail because the referenced table is not present in the backup.

Alternatively, you can pass a skip option with RESTORE to skip the dependency instead:

We recommend treating tables with foreign keys, which contribute to views, or that use sequences or user-defined types as a single unit with their dependencies. While you can restore individual tables, you may find that backing up and restoring at the database level is more convenient.

Users and privileges

The owner of restored objects will be the user running the restore job. To restore your users and privilege grants, you can do a cluster backup and restore the cluster to a fresh cluster with no user data.

If you are not doing a full cluster restore, the table-level privileges need to be granted to the users after the restore is complete. (By default, the user restoring will become the owner of the restored objects.) To grant table-level privileges after a restore, backup the system.users table, restore users and their passwords, and then grant the table-level privileges.

Restore types

You can either restore from a full backup or from a full backup with incremental backups, based on the backup files you include:

Performance

• The RESTORE process minimizes its impact to the cluster's performance by distributing work to all nodes. Subsets of the restored data (known as ranges) are evenly distributed among randomly selected nodes, with each range initially restored to only one node. Once the range is restored, the node begins replicating it others.
• When a RESTORE fails or is canceled, partially restored data is properly cleaned up. This can have a minor, temporary impact on cluster performance.

• A restore job will pause if a node in the cluster runs out of disk space. See Viewing and controlling restore jobs for information on resuming and showing the progress of restore jobs. For instructions on how to free up disk space as quickly as possible after deleting data, see How can I free up disk space quickly?

• A restore job will pause instead of entering a failed state if it continues to encounter transient errors once it has retried a maximum number of times. Once the restore has paused, you can either resume or cancel it.

Restoring to multi-region databases

Restoring to a multi-region database is supported with some limitations. This section outlines details and settings that should be considered when restoring into multi-region databases:

• A cluster's regions will be checked before a restore. Mismatched regions between backup and restore clusters will be flagged before the restore begins, which allows for a decision between updating the cluster localities or restoring with the skip_localities_check option to continue with the restore regardless.

  Note:

  Restoring a multi-region cluster into a single-region CockroachDB Standard or CockroachDB Basic cluster is not supported. }} and CockroachDB Basic clusters do not support the skip_localities_check option with RESTORE. To restore a multi-region cluster, you must create a new multi-region Standard or CockroachDB Basic cluster with regions that match the backed-up multi-region cluster.

• A database that is restored with the sql.defaults.primary_region cluster setting will have the PRIMARY REGION from this cluster setting assigned to the target database.

• RESTORE supports restoring non-multi-region tables into a multi-region database and sets the table locality as REGIONAL BY TABLE to the primary region of the target database.

• Restoring tables from multi-region databases with table localities set to REGIONAL BY ROW, REGIONAL BY TABLE, REGIONAL BY TABLE IN PRIMARY REGION, and GLOBAL to another multi-region database is supported.

• When restoring a REGIONAL BY TABLE IN PRIMARY REGION table, if the primary region is different in the source database to the target database this will be implicitly changed on restore.

• Restoring a partition of a REGIONAL BY ROW table is not supported.

• REGIONAL BY TABLE and REGIONAL BY ROW tables can be restored only if the regions of the backed-up table match those of the target database. All of the following must be true for RESTORE to be successful:

  • The regions of the source database and the regions of the destination database have the same set of regions.
  • The regions were added to each of the databases in the same order.
  • The databases have the same primary region.

  The following example would be considered as having mismatched regions because the database regions were not added in the same order and the primary regions do not match.

  Running on the source database:

  ALTER DATABASE source_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE source_database ADD region "us-west1";  
  

  Running on the destination database:

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-west1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database ADD region "us-east1";  
  

  In addition, the following scenario has mismatched regions between the databases since the regions were not added to the database in the same order.

  Running on the source database:

  ALTER DATABASE source_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE source_database ADD region "us-west1";  
  

  Running on the destination database:

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-west1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database ADD region "us-east1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";    
  

  #71071

The ordering of regions and how region matching is determined is a known limitation. See the Known Limitations section for the tracking issues on limitations around RESTORE and multi-region support.

For more on multi-region databases, see the Multi-Region Capabilities Overview.

Viewing and controlling restore jobs

After CockroachDB successfully initiates a restore, it registers the restore as a job, which you can view with SHOW JOBS.

After the restore has been initiated, you can control it with PAUSE JOB, RESUME JOB, and CANCEL JOB.

Examples

There are two ways to specify a full or incremental backup to restore:

• Restoring from the most recent backup
• Restoring from a specific backup

Some of the examples in this section use an external connection to represent the external storage URI. For guidance on connecting to cloud storage or using other authentication parameters, read Use Cloud Storage.

If you need to limit the control specific users have over your storage buckets, refer to Assume role authentication for setup instructions.

View the backup subdirectories

BACKUP ... INTO adds a backup to a backup collection location. To view the backup paths in a given collection location, use SHOW BACKUPS:

SHOW BACKUPS IN 's3://bucket/path?AUTH=implicit';

       path
-------------------------
/2023/12/14-190909.83
/2023/12/20-155249.37
/2023/12/21-142943.73
(3 rows)

When you want to restore a specific backup, add the backup's subdirectory path (e.g., /2023/12/21-142943.73) to the RESTORE statement. For details on viewing the most recent backup, see SHOW BACKUP FROM {subdirectory} in {collectionURI}.

Restore the most recent full or incremental backup

To restore from the most recent backup (full or incremental) in the collection's location, use the LATEST syntax:

RESTORE FROM LATEST IN 's3://bucket/path?AUTH=implicit';

If you are restoring an incremental backup, the storage location must contain a full backup.

When you restore from an incremental backup, you're restoring the entire table, database, or cluster. CockroachDB uses both the latest (or a specific) incremental backup and the full backup during this process. You cannot restore an incremental backup without a full backup. Furthermore, it is not possible to restore over a table, database, or cluster with existing data. Refer to Restore types for detail on the types of backups you can restore.

Restore a specific full or incremental backup

To restore a specific full or incremental backup, specify that backup's subdirectory in the RESTORE statement. To view the available subdirectories, use SHOW BACKUPS. If you are restoring an incremental backup, the URI must point to the storage location that contains the full backup:

RESTORE FROM '2023/03/23-213101.37' IN 's3://bucket/path?AUTH=implicit';

Restore a cluster

To restore a full cluster:

RESTORE FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3';

To view the available subdirectories, use SHOW BACKUPS.

Restore a database

To restore a database:

RESTORE DATABASE bank FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3';

To view the available subdirectories, use SHOW BACKUPS.

Restore a table

To restore a single table:

RESTORE TABLE bank.customers FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3';

To restore multiple tables:

RESTORE TABLE bank.customers, bank.accounts FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3';

To view the available subdirectories, use SHOW BACKUPS.

Restore with AS OF SYSTEM TIME

Running a backup with revision history captures every change made within the garbage collection period leading up to and including the given timestamp, which allows you to restore to an arbitrary point-in-time within the revision history.

If you ran a backup without revision_history, it is still possible to use AS OF SYSTEM TIME with RESTORE to target a particular time for the restore. However, your restore will be limited to the times of the full backup and each incremental backup in the chain. In this case, use the following example to restore to a particular time.

First, find the times that are available for a point-in-time-restore by listing the available backup directories in your storage location:

SHOW BACKUPS IN 'external://backup_s3';

          path
------------------------
  2023/01/18-141753.98
  2023/01/23-184816.10
  2023/01/23-185448.11
(3 rows)

From the output use the required date directory and run the following to get the details of the backup:

SHOW BACKUP '2023/01/23-185448.11' IN 'external://backup_s3';

  database_name | parent_schema_name |        object_name         | object_type | backup_type |         start_time         |          end_time          | size_bytes | rows | is_full_cluster
----------------+--------------------+----------------------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+------------+------+------------------
  movr          | public             | vehicle_location_histories | table       | full        | NULL                       | 2023-01-23 18:54:48.116975 |      85430 | 1092 |        t
  movr          | public             | promo_codes                | table       | full        | NULL                       | 2023-01-23 18:54:48.116975 |     225775 | 1003 |        t
  movr          | public             | user_promo_codes           | table       | full        | NULL                       | 2023-01-23 18:54:48.116975 |       1009 |   11 |        t
  NULL          | NULL               | system                     | database    | incremental | 2023-01-23 18:54:48.116975 | 2023-01-24 00:00:00        |       NULL | NULL |        t
  system        | public             | users                      | table       | incremental | 2023-01-23 18:54:48.116975 | 2023-01-24 00:00:00        |          0 |    0 |        t
  system        | public             | zones                      | table       | incremental | 2023-01-23 18:54:48.116975 | 2023-01-24 00:00:00        |          0 |    0 |

Finally, use the start_time and end_time detail to define the required time as part of the AS OF SYSTEM TIME clause. Run the restore, passing the directory and the timestamp:

RESTORE DATABASE movr FROM '2023/01/23-185448.11' IN 'external://backup_s3' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2023-01-23 18:56:48';

Restore a backup asynchronously

Use the DETACHED option to execute the restore job asynchronously:

> RESTORE FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3'
WITH DETACHED;

The job ID is returned after the restore job creation completes:

        job_id
----------------------
  592786066399264769
(1 row)

Without the DETACHED option, RESTORE will block the SQL connection until the job completes. Once finished, the job status and more detailed job data is returned:

job_id             |  status   | fraction_completed | rows | index_entries | bytes
---------------------+-----------+--------------------+------+---------------+--------
652471804772712449 | succeeded |                  1 |   50 |             0 |  4911
(1 row)

Other restore usages

Restore tables into a different database

By default, tables and views are restored to the database they originally belonged to. However, using the into_db option, you can control the target database. Note that the target database must exist prior to the restore.

1. Create the new database that you'll restore the table or view into:

   > CREATE DATABASE newdb;
   

2. Restore the table into the newly created database with into_db:

   > RESTORE bank.customers FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3'
   WITH into_db = 'newdb';
   

Rename a database on restore

To rename a database on restore, use the new_db_name option:

RESTORE DATABASE bank FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3'
WITH new_db_name = 'new_bank';

When you run RESTORE with new_db_name, the existing database that was originally backed up can remain active:

database_name
--------------+
defaultdb
bank
new_bank
postgres
system

Remove the foreign key before restore

By default, tables with foreign key constraints must be restored at the same time as the tables they reference. However, using the skip_missing_foreign_keys option you can remove the foreign key constraint from the table and then restore it.

> RESTORE bank.accounts FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3'
WITH skip_missing_foreign_keys;

Restoring users from system.users backup

The system.users table stores your cluster's usernames and their hashed passwords. To restore them, you must restore the system.users table into a new database because you cannot drop the existing system.users table.

After it's restored into a new database, you can write the restored users table data to the cluster's existing system.users table.

1. Create the new database that you'll restore the system.users table into:

   > CREATE DATABASE newdb;
   

2. Restore the system.users table into the new database:

   > RESTORE system.users  FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3'
   WITH into_db = 'newdb';
   

3. After the restore completes, add the users to the existing system.users table:

   > INSERT INTO system.users SELECT * FROM newdb.users;
   

4. Remove the temporary users table:

   > DROP TABLE newdb.users;
   

Restore from incremental backups in a different location

To restore an incremental backup that was taken using the incremental_location option, you must run the RESTORE statement with both:

• the collection URI of the full backup
• the incremental_location option referencing the incremental backup's collection URI, as passed in the original BACKUP statement

RESTORE TABLE movr.users FROM LATEST IN 'external://backup_s3' WITH incremental_location = '{incremental_backup_URI}';

For more detail on using this option with BACKUP, see Incremental backups with explicitly specified destinations.

Known limitations

• RESTORE will not restore a table that references a UDF, unless you skip restoring the function with the skip_missing_udfs option. Alternatively, take a database-level backup to include everything needed to restore the table. #118195

• Restoring GLOBAL and REGIONAL BY TABLE tables into a non-multi-region database is not supported. #71502

• REGIONAL BY TABLE and REGIONAL BY ROW tables can be restored only if the regions of the backed-up table match those of the target database. All of the following must be true for RESTORE to be successful:

  • The regions of the source database and the regions of the destination database have the same set of regions.
  • The regions were added to each of the databases in the same order.
  • The databases have the same primary region.

  The following example would be considered as having mismatched regions because the database regions were not added in the same order and the primary regions do not match.

  Running on the source database:

  ALTER DATABASE source_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE source_database ADD region "us-west1";  
  

  Running on the destination database:

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-west1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database ADD region "us-east1";  
  

  In addition, the following scenario has mismatched regions between the databases since the regions were not added to the database in the same order.

  Running on the source database:

  ALTER DATABASE source_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE source_database ADD region "us-west1";  
  

  Running on the destination database:

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-west1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database ADD region "us-east1";
  

  ALTER DATABASE destination_database SET PRIMARY REGION "us-east1";    
  

  #71071

See also

• BACKUP
• Take Full and Incremental Backups
• Take and Restore Encrypted Backups
• Take and Restore Locality-aware Backups
• Take Backups with Revision History and Restore from a Point-in-time
• Manage a Backup Schedule
• Replication Controls
• ENUM
• CREATE TYPE
• DROP TYPE

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